HISTORY, DRAWING AND RESTORATION OF ARCHITECTURE DRAWING_ICAR 17. The overall educational aims of the Drawing curriculum focus mainly on the education/training of researchers in the following fields: architectural drawing, survey, documentation and critical interpretation of our architectural and environmental heritage. These aims intend to form a PhD Researcher deeply involved with the contents of the scientific area, and therefore able to teach and apply innovative research methods in that field, and, following his attitudes, able to achieve high specialization and peculiar and not common results as a researcher as well as to carry on a good professional activity. To achieve this scope, the researchers are taught the scientific and methodological skills necessary to organize and develop studies on issues pertaining to Drawing. In this regard, given the inevitably diverse kind of the initial education received by post-graduate students, educational activities will initially concentrate, first and foremost, on improving their basic knowledge. One specific objective of the Doctorate is to provide satisfactory understanding of the main scientific notions of representation and the drawing and survey of architecture, bearing in mind the stable and structural relationship between architecture and the urban environment and context. Scientific knowledge and knowhow are therefore oriented in the following areas: - Drawing intended as a language for knowledge and communication. Its history and methods. - Architectural and environmental survey. Its history, instruments and techniques. - Science of representation and geometry. Its history and methods. - Integrated technologies and innovative tools for representation. History and methods. Education and training focuses primarily on the application of theory, philology and experimentation to the subjects taught in the Doctorate within the framework of a rigorously scientific approach to the general issues of representation. Theory involves the study of representation, including recent IT techniques and how it can be used to create models. Philology is applied to the study of archival, bibliographic and iconographic sources. Experimentation involves exploiting the many instruments and tools available in the labs of the Department and applying them to the issues being studied. The first year of the Doctorate course, primarily voted to teaching and formation, is expounded through theoretical lessons, seminars, workshops and stages, organized in Rome and in other locations depending on the Departments affiliated with the National School, as well as in different research centers and institutions in Italy and abroad concerned with the main subjects and aims developed in the study course. To strengthen the possibility of meeting and exchanging information with other institutions and Doctorate schools, our Department of History, Drawing and Restoration of Architecture is actually carrying on an experimentation for long distance communicating in videoconference based on the acquisition of a new technology for the proposal, following previous aims of the Department of Drawing, Analysis and Survey of Architecture. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE_ICAR 18. The scientific and formative objective leading concerns the training to the use of critical tools and the resuming of the methods of historical research, particularly historical and architectural, in relationship to the different historiographic systems. In this sense, the research projects mainly turn to the analysis of architectural organisms and individual actors, and to theoretical issues, which address the urban scale. It is obvious that this situation of thematic plurality leads to several thematic connections between the many aspects in which the architecture is declinable; in fact, the history of buildings to its full development can not interfere with specific issues to the Art History in general, with those in the history of criticism; with the aesthetics; with the history of science, as well as specifically with the history of construction techniques. In this perspective, the formative objectives place within the following seams of study that invest articulated fields of interest; among the most meaningful: - Grammar and syntax of historical architecture: the orders. - Critics, history, architecture and restoration. - Design and execution in the history. Variations during the completion in the past architecture. - ‘Evaluative’ historiography. - Mutual relationships between history of the architecture and restoration. - History of architecture: design, clients and patrons. - Spolia and reuse. - Language of historical architecture and its specificity, in front of the need of a unified aesthetic, although articulated and extended to all arts. - History of architectural treatises. - History of town and urban design and planning. - History of territory and landscapes. - Direct and indirect study of historical architecture: sources. - Deep studies of investigation and research methods on historical technical aspects of built heritage. - History of building yards and the constructions procedures. - Approaches and investigations methods on historical architecture. - The stratigraphic analysis: the elevated walls and the material culture. - Architecture as language. - The aesthetic of landscape. - The laboratory for the historical knowledge. - History of architecture: a question of style and styles. - Colors and architecture. RESTORATION_ICAR 19. The scientific and formative objective leading concerns the training to the use of critical tools and the resuming of the methods of research, with a particular emphasis on the relationship between theories and practice of conservation. In this sense, the research projects mainly turn to the analysis of architectural organisms, and to theoretical issues, which address the urban scale themes of conservation and restoration involving the protection of witnesses and landscape context. It is obvious that this situation of thematic plurality leads to several thematic connections between the many aspects in which the architecture is declinable; in fact, the history of buildings to its full development can not interfere with specific issues to the Art History in general, with those in the history of criticism; with the aesthetics; with the history of science, as well as specifically with the history of construction techniques. In this perspective, the formative objectives place within the following seams of study that invest articulated fields of interest; among the most meaningful: - Actual tendencies in theory and in practice of restoration. - Criticism and culture of restoration: principles and elaborations. - Historical orientations. - History of restoration: theories, principles, practices. The Charters. - The history of static reinforcement. - Careful studies about research and investigation methods in the scientific-technical and historical fields concerning existing buildings. - Diagnostics: materials, supports, masonries, structures. - Monumental macro and micro-environment as deterioration factor. - The use of historical treatises in restoration field. - Handbooks, knowledge and conservation. - Structure, substance, support and aspect. - Chemistry and physics for restoration. - Minimal requisites for conservation. - Aesthetics and restoration. - Archaeological restoration and ancient monuments restoration. Anastylosis. Environmental protection. - Ruins, and their conservation. - Contemporary architectural conservation. - Historical environment studies: individual and combined aspects. - Seismic aspects and prevention. - Restoration, reuse, recycling, adaptation: standards. Museography and restoration. - Plant and conservation. Conservation and qualified reuse. - New-ancient dialectic, from the big to the minimal scale. - Restoration and form. - Conservation, restoration and architectural projects. - Urban restoration.