The PhD program aims to train scholars in analysing and investigating the origins of the idea of Europe, the pluralism and variety of European cultures, the construction and activities of the European Union, and Europe’s cultural and political projection and interaction beyond the continent in light of the most accredited results and scientific approaches. The program is focused on the study of the essential processes of the formation of political and cultural space in Europe in the early modern, modern and contemporary eras, starting from the idea of Europe itself (Chabod and Saitta to the more recent suggestions made by Pagden) and the debate over the plurality of histories and memories, from new sensibilities brought about by the processes of European unification to considerations on the determining influence of other world cultures on the European territory. The program aims in particular at investigating forms and methods of building a European identity on the political and economic level based on valuing differences in ethnicity, gender, language, religion, political opinions, nationality, social class, education, birth and abilities, in line with the themes of Agenda 2030. From a diachronic perspective between tradition and innovation, several issues such as otherness, conflicts, and pacification among cultural and social diversities constitute a central axis of the program. Transversal themes that connect historical, political, economic and cultural perspectives in light of social challenges (equality, sustainability, education, health, information) which characterize the identity and lives of European citizens are of particular interest in the doctoral course. Four areas (History, International History, Economic History, Anthropology-Sociological and Religious History) examine specific paths with an eye to interdisciplinary work and to overcoming the local dimension in a broad and wider perspective on the research questions from a comparative point of view. Carrying out their research activities in archives, libraries, institutions, organizations and industries, and using the tools of the social sciences (from interviews to field work), PhD students must attend lectures by scholars and the many opportunities – round tables, workshops, book launch, debates – to enrich their cursus studiorum towards the investigation of cultural processes. In this same direction the program has chosen to integrate the collaboration of Italian and foreign scholars. students are evaluated (at least twice a year) by the Academic Board. There is a constant relationship with a supervisor who guides and follows the research. International co-tutorships and the establishment of international partnerships are encouraged. Applicants must submit projects with a European dimension and must identify one of the Academic Board as supervisor.