The doctoral programme aims to train researchers who are able to develop research projects that bridge the gap between laboratory activity and clinical sciences, facilitating the translational process in both directions. Translational medicine represents an integration between innovative pharmacological tools, biomarkers, clinical protocols and advanced technologies, which aims to increase knowledge on specific pathologies, on the epidemiology of precancerous lesions, on the mechanisms of action of drugs, to understand their effectiveness therapy on humans. Translational Medicine and Oncology" will be qualified to enter the academic and health world, in public and private research institutions, in the industrial world. Furthermore, employment opportunities are foreseen in: Hospital ; Local healthcare companies; Scientific research and treatment institutes (IRCCS); Pharmaceutical Industries; Industries for biotechnological development; Public and private research centers; National Health Service. Aims: 1. to understand and study biological structures in the different levels of organisation, their physiological and pathological modifications in the framework of interactions between people and the environment, exploring diagnostic and therapeutic interventions and facilitating their application in clinical practice; 2. to earn a scientific translational research approach which can favour points of contact between biological and clinical-behavioural discoveries and preventive, therapeutic and rehabilitation practices in order to improve di health and lifestyle, also considering the global increase in life expectancy; gender medicine is further considered 3. to acquire a solid preparation in the methodological disciplines required to formulate correct experimental hypotheses, define experimental designs and critically interpret results; 4. to promote communication between biological and clinical-behavioural research, particularly in relation to movement and physical activity in the area of oncological prevention, in conditions of health, illness and of the most innovative surgical methodologies 5. to understand the ethical implications of clinical and biological research. Curriculum "Experimental and Clinical Research Metodologies in Surgical Oncology”. This profile aims, among other objectives, to allow the doctoral student to identify predictive prognostic factors in solid tumours mainly in GI tract ,lung and gynecology tract. The treatment of neoplasias can be conditioned by prognostic factors that indicate the evolution of the disease and allow us to evaluate patient treatment. Predictive factors allow us to select those patients that have the greatest possibility of obtaining positive treatment outcomes. These factors can be determined through tumoral tissue, peripheral blood samples and other bodily liquids. Furthermore, the doctoral programme addresses the analysis and identification of gene and genetic mutations via molecular biology. In addition, doctoral students learn to evaluate and identify the oncogenic mechanisms and relative molecular targets on which to focus the target therapy. Tumour cell lines contain a range of genetic alterations; notwithstanding this complexity, their growth can be blocked by the inactivation of one or more oncogenes. This phenomenon provides a rational explanation for aimed molecular therapy. The identification of new genes involved in this process provides an important tool for the study of the development and progression of solid tumours. curriculum “Digestive Diseases”: - Planning and developing study projects aimed to identifying histological, immune- histochemical and molecular markers in neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas, diseases useful in predicting disease progression and/or response to therapy. - Ideation and development of projects aimed at identifying risk factors on rare diseases of the digestive system such as Neuroendocrine tumors and autoimmune diseases of the digestive tract - Planning and developing study projects aimed to elaborating the knowledge of pathophysiology illness of the digestive system with special consideration to digestive neoplasia, and precancerous condition, and to digestive autoimmune diseases - Planning and developing study projects aimed to the knowledge of digestive endoscopy aimed at the evaluation of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and the development of modern techniques (electronic chromoendoscopy, artificial intelligence) .Curriculum "Gynaecological and Obstetric Sciences and Gender Medicine " Gynecological curriculum aims to provide a high scientific training to young graduates in Medicine, Biological Sciences and Biotechnology from national and international universities. The purpose is just to train highly qualified young researchers to be included in public and private research centers. The educational scientific activity covers both basic research and applied research in the fields of gynecology-oncology to provide all the tools in order to find a professional outlet that is as broad as possible. The training course includes the involvement of the PhD student in different stages of scientific activity with a gradual integration that will take him to be autonomous in the design and management of the research. In order to internationalize the training course there is the possibility to carry out research periods at foreign centers doing work and or thesis in co-supervision. In order to prepare trained personnel for university career the PhD student will be involved in educational activities as provided by the regulations up to a maximum of 50 hours per year. The activity is monitored through checks conducted seminars in which the Ph student displays the progress of the research illustrating the critical issues and possible solutions; the cadence of the seminars will be half-yearly unless special needs. The PhD student also in agreement with their tutor and after authorization of the Council of Teachers will explore specific issues also different from the initial design but which play a particular role in their educational training.